In pregnancies affected by fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), maternal antibodies cross the placenta and attack the fetal blood platelets leading to thrombocytopenia.
There is some evidence that suggests that the placental defects related to the anti-HPA-1a maternal antibodies can contribute to the incidence of other FNAIT-associated complications, such as miscarriage and decreased birth weight.
What is FNAIT?
Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a rare but serious condition that affects 0.1% of pregnancies in which a pregnant mother’s immune system produces antibodies against the platelets of her fetus. This occurs when a fetus inherits platelet antigens from the father that are not compatible with the mother, typically involving a protein called human platelet antigen (HPA). The mother’s immune system recognizes the fetal platelets as foreign, attacking and destroying them, leading to low platelet levels (thrombocytopenia) in the fetus or newborn.
The importance of good placental health
The placenta forms in the uterus during pregnancy. It is attached to the uterine wall and is connected to the baby via the umbilical cord. Blood passes through the placenta, providing oxygen and nutrients to the baby, and extracts waste from the baby’s blood. Until birth, the placenta functions as the lungs, kidneys and liver of the fetus. A healthy placenta is essential to the optimal development of the fetus.
The health of the placenta can be affected by factors such as high blood pressure, an older pregnant mother, substance abuse, twins and multiples, blood clotting conditions and previous surgery or injury.
Learn more about FNAIT signs and symptoms
FNAIT-associated complications linked to the placenta
In FNAIT, some studies indicate that the maternal anti-HPA-1a antibodies that cross the placenta and attack the fetus’s blood platelets could also be responsible for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which can lead to a lower birth rate and even miscarriage.
These complications have been linked to defects in the placenta, and in FNAIT, the anti-HPA-1a antibodies may impair endothelial function of the placenta. Analysis of placentas from FNAIT pregnancies have found evidence of chronic inflammatory lesions on the feto-maternal interface, evidence of placental defects that contribute to these FNAIT-associated complications.
Supporting placental health during pregnancy
In FNAIT, patients don’t have much control over the damage the maternal antibodies can cause. However, there are some steps you can take to boost the health of your placenta. Maintaining the health of the placenta during your pregnancy supports the development of your baby.
Eating a healthy diet rich in iron, calcium, protein and nutrients is a good place to start. Eggs, green vegetables, nuts, lean meat and yogurt are all full of key vitamins and minerals.
Avoid processed foods and calorie-rich foods that are full of added fats and sugars such as packages cakes, biscuits and fast food.
Smoking, drinking and drugs are also to be strictly avoided due to the risk of complications for the placenta and your baby.
Check with your doctor before taking any over the counter medicines, natural therapies, vitamins or supplements. If you experience severe stomach pain, bleeding or an injury to your abdomen, report it immediately to your doctor.
