A review study recently published in Lifeline Health Sciences describes the complex process of hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, in newborns and highlights how it differs from that of adults. Understanding these unique characteristics is essential to managing a variety of hematological disorders including fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT).
The study, which describes the process of hematopoiesis and the implications it has in research and clinical practice, emphasizes the need for standardized guidelines that take into account the distinct traits of neonatal blood cell formation.
Compared to adults, for example, the red blood cells of neonates have shorter lifespans and higher hemoglobin levels. They differ in metabolic activity and cell membrane composition as well.
Newborns also have elevated white blood cell levels at birth due to increased production of neutrophils, which help to prevent infection. During the first few weeks of life, however, the white blood cell count will decrease to match that of adults.
Read more about FNAIT treatment and care
Although healthy newborns generally have similar platelet levels to adults, neonatal platelets tend to have a lower functional capacity. Therefore, early diagnosis of platelet disorders such as FNAIT is key to improving patient outcomes, the study said.
Some hematological complications that occur during infancy may arise as a result of the features of neonatal hematopoiesis. These include anemia, particularly in preterm infants, neonatal sepsis and hemorrhagic disorders. Advancements in hematological research, including biomarker identification, has contributed to improved diagnosis and treatment of these complications.
Umbilical cord blood stem cells have also emerged as a potential therapeutic avenue. Studies have shown that administration of these cells to premature infants can improve protection against brain injuries. This technique may also offer several hematological benefits.
“The integration of evidence-based protocols and novel interventions is critical to improving neonatal health outcomes,” the researchers concluded. “Collaborative efforts in global screening programs and continued investment in regenerative medicine will shape the future of neonatal hematology.”
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